Setup Rules

1. East is selected before the round starts.
2. East begins with 14 tiles.
3. All other players begin with 13 tiles.
4. After dealing, East discards first.

Round Flow

1. Deal the tiles so East has 14 and every other player has 13.
2. Complete the Charleston before regular play begins.
3. East makes the first discard.
4. Players take turns drawing, discarding, claiming legal discards, making exposures, exchanging jokers when legal, and checking for Mahjong.
5. The round ends when someone declares a valid Mahjong, the wall runs out, or a player is made dead by an illegal action.

Charleston Restrictions

• Players pass exactly three tiles per Charleston pass unless blind pass rules apply.
• Jokers may never be passed.
• Received tiles remain face down until all players have passed and the exchange resolves.
• Blind pass is allowed only on first Charleston left and second Charleston right.
• In a blind pass, a player may pass fewer than three of their own tiles and fill the missing count with just-received tiles without looking.
• East may waive Charleston only with immediate Mahjong after the deal, also called Heavenly Hand.
• East may declare Mahjong at the end of Charleston before normal play if completed then, also called Earthly Hand.

Normal Turn Loop

1. Draw one tile from the wall.
2. Rack the tile.
3. Evaluate hand, exchanges, and claims.
4. Discard one tile face up and named aloud.

Claim Window And Resolution

• A discarded tile may be claimed after discard and before the next player racks their drawn tile.
• In this solo practice app, only the latest discard can have a live call window.
• When you have a legal priority call, the table waits for Call or Pass.
• When you have no legal call, the table continues without adding a watch-feed note.
• To complete a valid exposure call, the player calls before the window closes, exposes the called tile with matching rack tiles, includes jokers only if legal, then discards one tile.
• Mahjong call beats exposure call.
• Between two Mahjong calls, nearest in turn order from the discarder wins.
• Between two exposure calls, nearest in turn order from the discarder wins.
• During the current turn, after beginning an exposure, the player may still adjust it.
• Once the player discards, the exposure is locked.
• Locked exposures cannot be altered except through joker exchange rules.
• If a target hand or line is concealed, the player may not call a discard for exposure toward it.
• Exception: the final tile for Mahjong may be called even for a concealed hand.

Joker Exchange

• A joker may be exchanged only if the joker is in an exposed group.
• The exchanging player must hold the exact natural tile represented by that joker.
• The exchange must happen on the exchanging player's turn.
• The player must have already drawn and racked a tile, or have just completed an exposure call.
• A player may exchange jokers from another player's exposure.
• A player may exchange jokers from their own exposure.
• Multiple exchanges may occur in one turn.
• Once a discard has been made, no joker exchange may be performed using that tile.

Dead Hand Rules

• Incorrect Mahjong declaration makes the hand dead.
• This app uses the stricter rule: once dead, a player stops participating.
• A dead player may not draw.
• A dead player may not discard.
• A dead player may not call.
• Exposed jokers remain exchangeable if present.
• Must enforce immediately: incorrect Mahjong declaration, illegal exposure for singles/pairs/NEWS/year, wrong tile count, discard before draw, illegal joker use in singles or pairs, exposure toward concealed-only hand before Mahjong, draw out of turn, illegal joker exchange timing.
• Can enforce later: impossible hand from dead/exposed tiles, wrong wall handling, misnamed discard causing claimant death on mistaken exposure, exposure count proving no legal line remains.